Science of Denim

Consumer goods which contain listed aromatic amines originating from azo dyes are currently prohibited from manufacture and sale in many countries in the global marketplace. India was the first Asian country to launch a chemical regulation in 1997 to ban specific azo dyes from being used in apparel and textile products. India has published legislation prohibiting the handling of a total of 112 azo- and benzidine-based dyes. In 1993, the Government of India prohibited the handling of 42 benzidine-based dyes. The Ministry of Environment and Forests further  prohibited the handling of an additional 70 azo dyes  in 1997. According to the Indian import policy, import of textiles and textile articles is permitted subject to the condition that they do not contain any of the hazardous dyes (azo dyes) whose handling, production, carriage or use is prohibited in India under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. This amendment was made to the Indian legislation by the  Not

The greatest used class of compounds used in dyestuffs are azo compounds. There are azo dyes that have been found to be potential carcinogens. These were first regulated in the EU by Germany and the list is commonly called the German banned dye list. If a product has not been made using these compounds, it is sometimes called azo free. It is misleading, since the number of dyes on that list is very small as compared to the total number of azo dyes which are still used. In short, some azo-based dyes (Azo dye group III A1 and A2) shed carcinogenic aryl amines as the garments are worn (they contain metallic elements) creating health risks, according to the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. Azo-dyed garments may also contain toxic chemicals such as chlorine bleach. For example, your vibrant yellow sweater may contain an azo dye with 4-hydro-xyphenylazobenzene, or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (and you didn't have to pay extra!). Given that baby's skin has a natural sensitivit

ABSTRACT Yellowing is the discoloration of textiles developed during production, processing, usage& storage. It is one of the most common quality problems in natural and synthetic fibers. About 20% of textiles are finished in full white. Yellowing is mostly encountered in white and pastel colors, Even dark shades are also affected and it is not prominent. So it is necessary to know the chemistry behind, various causes and preventive measures of yellowing. In this article the various potential causes of yellowing like fiber ageing, yellowing due to gaseous pollutant in the atmosphere, chemical auxiliary used in processing and finishing, contaminant present in the storage materials & the preventive measures are studied. Why white garments tend to yellow? In general a substance appears to white when it reflects red, blue and green light. On usage due to fiber ageing and environmental factors the substance absorbs blue light and it reflects red and green light. By theor

Introduction Ever since the inception of "blue jeans" in the 1870s as workwear for miners and cowboys, these iconic garments have evolved to become a popular item of casual wear throughout the world today. Coming in various fits to suit different tastes and fashions an important part of their appeal is the distressed look, visibly aged and worn, but still intact and functional. The process of washing improves the fastness properties of indigo-dyed denim jeanswear and in addition by altering the types of washes, various fashion looks are achieved. In this technical bulletin we will explain how denim apparel is wet processed and highlight the parameters associated which need to be controlled in denim manufacturing and subsequent wash processes. The "wash down" and other "post make" processes applied to denim garments are many and varied. Often the objective is to distress the garment so that it looks old and worn. This distressing gives the garments